Sociology is the study of human social
relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging
from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of
race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from
social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of
these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how
human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding
cultural and social structures.
Or Sociology is studying of society.
Stratification of Sociology:
1.
Class: is the economic, social, political
power of someone in society. and we have 3 class’s one is upper class (this
class makes up around 1 up to 10% of a society and they are Wealthy people or
belongs to a recognized family, second is middle class (the middle class
includes about 60 to 90 percent of the population and the members of the middle
class earn their money by working professional jobs, and they also have college
educations and these peoples are managers, doctors, lawyers professors, and
teachers, and the third one is lower class ( the lower class make more than 50%
population of our country and they may go to college but most of them are
workers, drivers, factory worker, carpenter, electrician and police officers.
2.
Race: (is not ethic) the term race refers
to groups of people who have differences and similarities in biological traits
deemed by society to be socially significant, meaning that people treat other
people differently because of them and it’s not because of similarities and
differences in eye color it’s because of differences and similarities in skin
color like black and white race in USA.
3.
Gender: (Is related to male and female) the
unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
4.
Power: (Power is the social power) Power
refers to someone’s ability to get others to do his/her will, regardless of
whether or not they want to. Legitimate power, power given to individuals
willingly by others, is called authority. Illegitimate power, power taken by
force or the threat of force, is called coercion.
5.
Prestige: (is not belongs too many but belongs
to personality) Prestige refers to the reputation or esteem associated with
one’s position in society. Prestige used to be associated with one's family name,
but for most people in developed countries, prestige is now generally tied to
one's occupation. Occupations like physicians or lawyers tend to have more
prestige associated with them than occupations like bartender or janitor. An
individual’s prestige is closely tied to their social class – the higher the
prestige of an individual (through their occupation or maybe family name), the
higher the social class. These three indicators tend to go hand-in-hand or lead
to each other, such as a Supreme Court justice who is usually wealthy, enjoys a
great deal of prestige, and exercises significant power. In some cases,
however, a person ranks differently on these indicators, such as funeral
directors. Their prestige is fairly low, but most have higher incomes than
college professors, who are among the most educated people in America and have
high prestige.
Key Terms:
1.
Prejudice has to do with the inflexible and irrational
attitudes and opinions held by members of one group about another, while discrimination refers to behaviors
directed against another group. Being prejudiced usually means having
preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices. Prejudices
can either be positive or negative—both forms are usually preconceived and
difficult to alter. The negative form of prejudice can lead to discrimination,
although it is possible to be prejudiced and not act upon the attitudes. Those
who practice discrimination do so to protect opportunities for themselves by
denying access to those whom they believe do not deserve the same treatment as
everyone else.
2.
Racism:
(Sociology) abusive or aggressive behavior towards members of another race on
the basis of such a belief.
Social definition of race: Sociologists define race as a concept that is used to signify
different types of human bodies. While there is no biological basis for racial
classification, sociologists recognize a long history of attempts to organize
groups of people based on similar skin color and physical appearance.
3.
Institutional Racism: Institutional racism is a pattern of social
institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts
of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race.
Institutional racism leads to inequality; sociologists use the concept to
explain why some people face unequal treatment or occupy unequal statuses. One
historic example of institutional racism is the barring of African-American
students from attending certain public schools, which limited the students'
educational opportunities and helped prevent them from achieving a status equal
to that of others. Institutional racism need not involve intentional racial
discrimination. For example, individual judges might intend to impose similar
sentences for similar crimes; yet if Caucasian people tend to receive lighter
punishments, plausibly institutional racism occurs.
4.
Minority Status: in society sometimes minority are excluded and sometimes
minority exclude majority.
Social institutions
1.
Family: is the
first cycle of society and family is small group of society and every human
being belongs to family because from birth to dead they are belong to one
family.
2.
Religion:
Religion is a big part of society.
3.
Economics and politics.
4.
Education
How Sociology did begins:
Sociology is emerged in the middle of 19 century
in Europe by August Comte (1798-1858) and he is the father of sociology.
Three factors led to the development of
sociology.
1.
Industrial Revolution (Europe
was changing from agriculture to productions and peoples moving from villages
to the cities).
2.
Travel (people
of Europe start traveling around the world and they discovered new nations and
cultures.)
3.
Modern Sciences (is a
modern of exactitude, is universal, is based on observation, belief is not
science, science is logic).
Positivism: is
based on scientific methods (which is based on facts and experience).
The law of human progress according to August
Comte:
1.
Theological (is the study of religion,
2.
Metaphysical (imaginary) is the science of abstract (abstract is
something which is not exist in reality but it's an Idea)
3.
Scientific (is the modern time which is positivism)
Social Statics:
Is the pre social condition of social order and
it is based on three factors,
1.
Language
2.
Religion
3.
Division of Labor (giving the right task to the right person according
to his/her skills, Specialization: is Bureaucracy: is the classification of the
tasks).
Or we can say Social Statics is the unity of
Language, Religion and Division of Labor.
Social Dynamic:
Social Dynamic is the study of human progress and
evolution, (if we have the social statics then we can move to Social dynamic
and there is not social dynamic without having social statics).
We have learned three points from August Comte:
1.
Modern science
2.
Three stages of history
3.
Two concepts of social statics and social dynamic
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