Main points
* Simple sentences have one clause.
* Clauses usually consist of a noun group
as the subject, and a verb group.
* Clauses can also have another noun group
as the object or complement.
* Clauses can have an adverbial, also
called an adjunct.
* Changing the order of the words in a
clause can change its meaning.
* Compound sentences consist of two or more
main clauses. Complex sentences always include a subordinate clause, as well as
one or more main clauses.
1 A simple sentence has one clause, beginning
with a noun group called the subject. The subject is the person or thing that
the sentence is about. This is followed by a verb group, which tells you what
the subject is doing, or describes the subject's situation.
I
waited.
The
girl screamed.
2 The verb group may be followed by another
noun group, which is called the object. The object is the person or thing
affected by the action or situation.
He
opened the car door.
She
married a young engineer.
After link verbs like `be', `become',
`feel', and `seem', the verb group may be followed by a noun group or an
adjective, called a complement. The complement tells you more about the
subject.
She
was a doctor.
He
was angry.
3 The verb group, the object, or the
complement can be followed by an adverb or a prepositional phrase, called an
adverbial. The adverbial tells you more about the action or situation, for example
how, when, or where it happens. Adverbials are also called adjuncts.
They
shouted loudly.
She
won the competition last week.
He
was a policeman in Birmingham
4 The word order of a clause is different
when the clause is a statement, a question, or a command.
He
speaks English very well. (statement)
Did
she win at the Olympics? (question)
Stop
her. (command)
Note that the subject is omitted in
commands, so the verb comes first.
5 A compound sentence has two or more main
clauses: that is, clauses which are equally important. You join them with
`and', `but', or `or'.
He
met Jane at the station and went shopping.
I
wanted to go but I felt too ill.
You
can come now or you can meet us there later.
Note that the order of the two clauses can
change the meaning of the sentence.
He
went shopping and met Jane at the station.
If the subject of both clauses is the same,
you usually omit the subject in the second clause.
I
wanted to go but felt too ill.
6 A
complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and at least one main clause. A
subordinate clause gives information about a main clause, and is introduced by
a conjunction such as `because', `if', `that', or a `wh'-word. Subordinate
clauses can come before, after, or inside the main clause.
When
he stopped, no one said anything.
If
you want, I'll teach you.
They
were going by car because it was more comfortable.
I
told him that nothing was going to happen to me.
The
car that I drove was a Ford.
The
man who came into the room was small.
Unit 2 The noun
group
Main points
* Noun groups can be the subject, object,
or complement of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
* Noun groups can be nouns on their own,
but often include other words such as determiners, numbers, and adjectives.
* Noun groups can also be pronouns.
* Singular noun groups take singular verbs,
plural noun groups take plural verbs.
1 Noun groups are used to say which people or
things you are talking about. They can be the subject or object of a verb.
Strawberries
are very expensive now.
Keith
likes strawberries.
A noun group can also be the complement of
a link verb such as `be', `become', `feel', or `seem'.
She
became champion in 1964.
He
seemed a nice man.
A noun group can be used after a
preposition, and is often called the object of the preposition.
I
saw him in town.
She
was very ill for six months.
2 A noun group can be a noun on its own, but
it often includes other words. A noun group can have a determiner such as `the'
or `a'. You put determiners at the beginning of the noun group.
The
girls were not in the house.
He
was eating an apple.
3 A noun group can include an adjective. You
usually put the adjective in front of the noun.
He
was using blue ink.
I
like living in a big city.
Sometimes you can use another noun in front
of the noun.
I
like chocolate cake.
She
wanted a job in the oil industry.
A noun with 's (apostrophe s) is used in
front of another noun to show who or what something belongs to or is connected
with.
I
held Sheila's hand very tightly.
He
pressed a button on the ship's radio.
4 A noun group can also have an adverbial, a
relative clause, or a `to'-infinitive clause after it, which makes it more
precise.
I
spoke to a girl in a dark grey dress.
She
wrote to the man who employed me.
I
was trying to think of a way to stop him.
A common adverbial used after a noun is a
prepositional phrase beginning with `of'.
He
tied the rope to a large block of stone.
The
front door of the house was wide open.
I
hated the idea of leaving him alone.
Participles and some adjectives can also be
used after a noun.
See Units 19 and 29.
She
pointed to the three cards lying on the table.
He
is the only man available.
5 Numbers come after determiners and before
adjectives.
I
had to pay a thousand dollars.
Three
tall men came out of the shed.
6 A noun group can also be a pronoun. You
often use a pronoun when you are referring back to a person or thing that you
have already mentioned.
I've
got two boys, and they both enjoy playing football.
You also use a pronoun when you do not know
who the person or thing is, or do not want to be precise.
Someone
is coming to mend it tomorrow.
7 A noun group can refer to one or more
people or things. Many nouns have a singular form referring to one person or
thing, and a plural form referring to more than one person or thing.
See Unit 4.
My
dog never bites people.
She
likes dogs.
Similarly, different pronouns are used in
the singular and in the plural.
I
am going home now.
We
want more money.
When a singular noun group is the subject,
it takes a singular verb. When a plural noun group is the subject, it takes a
plural verb.
His
son plays football for the school.
Her
letters are always very short.
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